Math 2.1 Manipulate algebraic expressions and solve equations

NZQA Achievement Standard 90284 4 Credits External

2010 Examination Paper
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2009 Examination Paper
2009 Assessment Schedule

Math 2.2 Draw straight forward non-linear graphs

NZQA Achievement Standard 90285 3 Credits External

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2009 Examination Paper
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Exemplar answer script 2009 - Excellence

Math 2.4 Use coordinate geometry methods

NZQA Achievement Standard 90287 2 Credits External

2010 Examination Paper
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The Midpoint Formula

Sometimes you need to find the point that is exactly between two other points. For instance, you might need to find a line that bisects (divides into equal halves) a given line segment. This middle point is called the "midpoint". The concept doesn't come up often, but the Formula is quite simple and obvious, so you should easily be able to remember it for later.
Think about it this way: If you are given two numbers, you can find the number exactly between them by averaging them, by adding them together and dividing by two. For example, the number exactly halfway between 5 and 10 is  ^{[5 + 10]}/₂  =  ¹⁵/₂   = 7.5.


The Midpoint Formula works exactly the same way. If you need to find the point that is exactly halfway between two given points, just average the x-values and the y-values.

• Find the midpoint between (–1, 2) and (3, –6).

Apply the Midpoint Formula:

So the answer is P = (1, –2).

Technically, the Midpoint Formula is the following:

But as long as you remember that you're averaging the two points' x- and y-values, you'll do fine. It won't matter which point you pick to be the "first" point you plug in.

• Find the midpoint between (6.4, 3) and (–10.7, 4).

Apply the Midpoint Formula:

So the answer is P = (–2.15, 3.5)

• Find the value of p so that (–2, 2.5) is the midpoint between (p, 2) and (–1, 3).

I'll apply the Midpoint Formula:   Copyright © Elizabeth Stapel 2000-2011 All Rights Reserved

This reduces to needing to figure out what p is, in order to make the x-values work:

So the answer is p = –3.

• Is y = 2x – 4.9 a bisector of the line segment with endpoints at (–1.8, 3.9) and (8.2, –1.1)?

If I just graph this, it's going to look like the answer is "yes". But I have to remember that a picture can suggest an answer, it can give me an idea of what is going on, but only the algebracan give me an exact answer. So I'll need to find the midpoint, and then see if the midpoint is actually a point on the given line. First, I'll apply the Midpoint Formula:

Now I'll check to see if this point is on the line:

y = 2x – 4.9 y = 2(3.2) – 4.9 = 6.4 – 4.9 = 1.5
But I needed y to equal 1.4, so this line is close to being a bisector (as a picture would indicate), but it is not exactly a bisector (as the algebra proves). So the answer is "No, this is not a bisector."

• Find the perpendicular bisector of the line segment with endpoints at (–1.8, 3.9) and(8.2, –1.1).   Copyright © Elizabeth Stapel 2000-2011 All Rights Reserved

This is a multi-part problem, and is actually typical of problems you will probably encounter at some point when you're learning about straight lines. This is an example of a question where you'll be expected to remember the Midpoint Formula from however long ago you last saw it in class. Don't be surprised if you see this kind of question on a test! Here's how to answer it:

First, I need to find the midpoint, since any bisector, perpendicular or otherwise, must pass through the midpoint. I'll apply the Midpoint Formula:

Now I need to find the slope of the line segment. I need this slope in order to find the perpendicular slope. I'll apply the Slope Formula:

The perpendicular slope (for my perpendicular bisector) is the negative reciprocal of the slope of the line segment. Remember that "negative reciprocal" means "flip it, and change the sign". Then the slope of the perpendicular bisector will be + ²/₁ = 2. With the slope and a point (the midpoint, in this case), I can find the equation of the line:

y – 1.4 = 2(x – 3.2) y – 1.4 = 2x – 6.4 y = 2x – 6.4 + 1.4 y = 2x – 5

• Find the center of the circle with a diameter having endpoints at (–4, 3) and (0, 2).

Since the center is at the midpoint of any diameter, I need to find the midpoint of the two given endpoints:

( ^{[–4 + 0]}/₂ , ^{[3 + 2]}/₂ ) = ( ^–4/₂ , ⁵/₂ ) = (–2, 2.5)

These examples really are fairly typical. You will have some simple "plug-n-chug" problems when the concept is first introduced, and then later, out of the blue, they'll hit you with the concept again, except it will be buried in some other type of problem. I'm telling you this now, so you'll know to remember the Formula for later.